Notes

General Northeast Corridor design, cost, planning, economic, and other regional data and information taken from Making High-Speed Rail Work in the Northeast Megaregion, University of Pennsylvania School of Design, © 2010; The Northeast Corridor Infrastructure Master Plan, NEC Master Plan Working Group, © 2010; High-Speed Rail in the Northeast Megaregion, University of Pennsylvania School of Design, © 2011; The Amtrak Vision for the Northeast Corridor, Amtrak, © 2012; Critical Infrastructure Needs of the Northeast Corridor, Northeast Corridor Infrastructure and Operations Advisory Commission, © 2013; The Northeast Corridor and the American Economy, Northeast Corridor Infrastructure and Operations Advisory Commission, © 2014; State of the Northeast Corridor Region Transportation System, Northeast Corridor Infrastructure and Operations Advisory Commission, © 2014

Amtrak ridership data, financials, and other information taken from Amtrak Annual Reports, © 1973-2013

Other Amtrak financial information taken from Amtrak’s Fiscal Year 2014: The Starting Point for Reauthorization, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, © 2013; FY2014 Budget and Business Plan, Amtrak, © 2014; FY2015 Budget Request Justification, Amtrak, © 2014; FY2014 - 2018 Five Year Financial Plan, Amtrak, © 2014

Other Amtrak labor information taken from Comparison of Amtrak Infrastructure Labor Costs to European Railroad Averages, Amtrak Office of Inspector General, © 2009; Food and Beverage Service: Potential Opportunities to Reduce Losses, Amtrak Office of Inspector General, © 2013; “Amtrak Serving Free Wine to Steak Loses Millions on Food,” Bloomberg, © 2013

Other Amtrak on-time performance and delay information taken from the testimony of D.J. Stadtler before the Surface Transportation Board on April 10, 2014

Amtrak High-Speed Rail Improvement Program information taken from Amtrak’s presentation materials, © 2012

Other freight railroad information taken from Freight Facts and Figures 2013, United States Department of Transportation, © 2013

NRRIT information taken from National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust Annual Management Report for Fiscal Year 2013, Railroad Retirement Board, © 2013

PRIIA information taken from Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, Amtrak Office of Inspector General, © 2014

Northeast Corridor Railway Improvement Project information taken from the Report by the Comptroller General of the United States on the Northeast Corridor Railway Improvement Project, © 1979

Highway Trust Fund information taken from Statement for the Record, Status of the Highway Trust Fund, Congressional Budget Office, © 2013; The Highway Trust Fund and the Treatment of Surface Transportation Programs in the Federal Budget, Congressional Budget Office, © 2014

Italian high-speed rail information taken from Management Report 2012, Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, © 2013; 2012 Annual Report, Ferrovie dello stato Italiane, © 2013

MTA ridership, financials, and other information taken from MTA Annual Reports, © 2000-2013; other LIRR historical ridership data taken from “L.I.R.R. Ready for Renovation at Penn Station,” New York Times, © 1983

NJ Transit ridership, financials, and other information taken from NJ Transit Annual Reports, © 2000-2013; other NJ Transit historical ridership data taken from “N.J. Transit Relaxes Demands for Pay Cuts in Rail Walkout,” New York Times, © 1983

Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ridership, financials, and other information taken from Port Authority Annual Reports, © 2000-2013

New York metropolitan commuting ridership and employment data taken from Commuting to Manhattan, Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management, NYU Wagner School of Public Service, © 2012

Additional Northeast Corridor ridership information and analysis taken from The Dynamic Population of Manhattan, Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management, NYU Wagner School of Public Service, © 2012; A New Alignment: Strengthening America’s Commitment to Passenger Rail, Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings, © 2013

Air travel information taken from Capacity Needs in the National Airspace System, Federal Aviation Administration, © 2007; Commercial Aviation, Government Accountability Office, © 2010; other Stewart International Airport information taken from Stewart International Airport Environmental Sustainability Plan, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, © 2010

Northeast Corridor region population and demographic data taken from United States Census Bureau, © 2014

Gateway Program information taken from The Northeast Corridor Gateway Program, Amtrak, © 2011; Amtrak Gateway Project - Hudson Yards Study Final Report, Amtrak and Related Companies, © 2012; Expanding Capacity for the Northeast Corridor - The Gateway Program, Amtrak, © 2013; The Gateway Program: Expanding Capacity on the Northeast Corridor, Amtrak, © 2013

New York Penn Station ridership data taken, in part, from Moynihan Station Development Project Environmental Assessment, Empire State Development Corporation, © 2010

Information related to the demolition of private property as part of Amtrak’s Gateway Project taken, in part, from “Midtown Block Would Likely Get Razed for 'Gateway Plan,'” DNAinfo.com, © 2011

Other historical Northeast Corridor information taken from Two-Year Report on the Northeast Corridor, United States Department of Transportation, © 1978; “The Pauper’s Crown: Amtrak’s Acela Express and the Limitations of the Northeast Corridor,” University of Southern California School of Policy, Planning, and Development Review, Teddy Minch, © 2010

Hudson Terminal renderings produced from renderings of the Tianjin West Railway Station, GMP Architects, © 2007

Transit-oriented development information taken from Transit-Oriented Development in the United States: Experiences, Challenges, and Prospects, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, © 2004; The Value Capture Approach to Stimulating Transit Oriented Development and Financing Transit Station Area Improvements, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, © 2009; Infrastructure Financing Options for Transit-Oriented Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, © 2013; East Midtown Rezoning District Improvement Bonus (DIB) Contribution Rate Market Study, Landauer Valuation & Advisory, © 2013; Trends in Transit-Oriented Development 2000-2010, Federal Transit Administration, © 2014; Developmental Impacts of the Dallas Area Rapid Transit Light Rail System, University of North Texas Center for Economic Development and Research, © 2014

Other rail infrastructure financing and transit-oriented development information taken from “Undermining the Foundations: Dysfunctional Transit Funding Systems Compromise New York’s Future,” Premises, NYU Schack Institute of Real Estate, John T. Farrell, © 2014

Hudson Yards financial and other information taken from HYIC 2013 Annual Report, Hudson Yards Infrastructure Corporation, © 2013

Denver Union Station Redevelopment information taken from public presentation materials, © 2008-2009

Washington Union Station Master Plan information taken from Amtrak’s executive summary, © 2012

Economic impact information taken from "Economic Returns from Transportation Investment,” Eno Transportation Foundation Inc., Lansdowne, VA, © 1996; Economic Benefits of the Trans-Hudson Express Tunnel, NJ Transit, © 2006; The Best Stimulus for the Money, The University of Utah, © 2009; Economic Impact of Public Transportation Investment, American Public Transportation Association, © 2009; An Economic Analysis of Infrastructure Investment, The Department of the Treasury with the Council of Economic Advisers, © 2010; Opportunity Cost of Inaction, American Public Transportation Association, © 2012; Economic Impact of Public Transportation Investment, American Public Transportation Association, © 2014; U.S. Infrastructure Investment: A Chance to Reap More Than We Sow, Standards and Poor’s Ratings Services, © 2014

Other information related to Amtrak privatization taken from “The Benefits of Separating Rail Infrastructure from Operations,” Public Policy for the Private Sector, Louis S. Thompson, © 1997; Replacing Amtrak: A Blueprint for Sustainable Passenger Rail Service, Joseph Vranich, © 1997; Intercity Passenger Rail: Potential Financial Issues in the Event That Amtrak Undergoes Liquidation, Government Accountability Office, © 2002; Privatization and the Federal Government: An Introduction, Congressional Research Service, © 2006; “Privatizing Amtrak,” Ted DeHaven, Cato Institute, © 2010; “Shopping the Runaway Train, The Case for Privatizing Amtrak,” Policy Analysis, Cato Institute, © 2012

Other information related to funding capital improvements taken from A Recommended Approach to Funding the Estimated Capital Investment Needs of the Northeast Corridor Rail Infrastructure, The Amtrak Reform Council, © 2002; TIFIA Policy Brief, Reason Foundation, © 2011; Potential Impacts and Cost Estimates for the Cancelled Hudson River Tunnel Project, United States Government Accountability Office, © 2012

Other information related to high-speed rail challenges in the United States taken from High-Speed Rail Market Report, Trade Press Media Group, © 2011; The Development of High Speed Rail in the United States: Issues and Recent Events, Congressional Research Service, © 2013

Other global high-speed rail information taken from Global Competitiveness in the Rail and Transit Industry, Northeastern University, © 2010; Advancing High-Speed Rail Policy in the United States, Minetta Transportation Institute, © 2012; High-Speed Rail in Europe and Asia: Lessons for the United States, Reason Foundation, © 2013

Other cost estimation data taken from Analysing International Tunnel Costs, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, © 2012

Copyright © 2014 Real Transit

Written by Matthew Handler

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